The Submerged floating Tunnel is a tube-like structure made of steel and concrete deploying the law of buoyancy to support the structure at a moderate and convenient depth. The submerged floating tunnel is an unconventional concept for crossing waterways. An SFT is considered when the depth of the sea ocean is too deep so that […]
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Concrete is a heterogeneous and hardened mass obtained from a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water, in a certain proportion. The grade of concrete varies greatly in accordance with the changing proportion of its constituent materials. The proportion and the ratio, in which the materials should be mixed together to obtain a certain
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Spalling of concrete is defined as the breaking off of pieces or layers of concrete from the surface of a structural element when the concrete is exposed to high temperature as experienced in case of fire. The corrosion of steel or other metals can also lead to spalling. Because when steel corrodes, the resulting rust
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Air pollution is the biggest problem world facing nowadays. It causes about seven million premature deaths every year. Inhabiting air pollution takes away at least 1-2 years of typical human life. In Italy, only 90,000 people die every year due to air pollution. In the construction industry, great advancement is being made to be part
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What is the percentage of women in civil engineering? . . A Study in the USA shows that only 14 % of the civil engineering workforce is composed of women and 40 % of women who have engineering degrees never enter the workforce or drop out. In total, women form 30 % of the construction
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Building materials are the substances used for construction purposes, like materials for building a house. The use of a wide variety of building construction materials has already been included in any Construction project since ancient times. Early Egyptians and Greeks used limestone, and gypsum as one of their make Construction materials. The major breakthrough within
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A Tender is an invitation to bid for any project that must be submitted within a limited time. The tendering process is a combination of the sequential procedures required in purchasing goods or services from external suppliers. Tendering is usually practised by government institutions. The main objective of this process is to eliminate corruption in
Rainwater harvesting is the process of collection or storage of rainwater with the help of an artificially designed system rather than allowing it to run off naturally or man-made catchment areas like a rooftop, rock surface, semi-pervious land surface. All living things need water to live and to carry out different activities. It’s hard to
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